Occurrence and predictors of gingivitis and supragingival calculus in a population of Brazilian adults

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of gingivitis and calculus and their predictors in a population of adults in Brazil. A representative sample of 758 adults from 35 to 59 years of age from Porto Alegre city was examined. A structured questionnaire was applied. The Gingival Bleeding Index and the presence of calculus were measured at 4 sites/tooth. Multivariable logistic models were fitted to determine the predictors for gingival bleeding at >20% of sites. Overall, 96.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]=95.1-98.0) of individuals had ≥ 1 bleeding site. The mean percentages of sites with gingivitis and calculus were 26.1% and 44.6%, respectively. The odds of gingivitis decreased by ∼45% for individuals ≥40 years old compared to younger adults. Individuals that never performed interproximal cleaning and non-whites had an approximately two times higher chance of gingivitis. Smokers had lower chances of gingivitis than never-smokers (odds ratio=0.40; 95% CI=0.24-0.68). Higher numbers of missing teeth were associated with higher chances of gingivitis. The percentage of calculus was significantly associated with skin color, education, proximal cleaning, smoking exposure, dental visits, and tooth loss. It can be concluded that the occurrence of gingivitis and calculus was high in this Brazilian population, and it was associated with age, skin color, education, self-reported proximal cleaning, smoking, dental care, and tooth loss.

Mapping of adolescents with gingivitis and dental calculus / Mapeamento de adolescentes com gengivite e cálculo dental / Mapeo de adolescentes con gingivitis y cálculo dental

Objective: The aim of this study was to map the distribution of periodontal disease in adolescents in the Jequitinhonha Valley. Methods: We constructed maps with varying Community Periodontal Index (CPI). The cities were selected based on population size and performance of oral health services. The sampling plan was composed of 450 individuals between 15 and 19 years, randomly selected in number corresponding to the proportion of the adolescent population in each municipality. Results: Of the 450 adolescents examined were 16 (3.5%) code 0 (Healthy), 232 (51.5%) of the code 1 (bleeding), 38 (8.44%) code 2 (Calculus) and 164 (36.44%) code 6 (bleeding and calculus). The pattern of mosaic maps was kind and may indicate that the worst periodontal conditions of adolescents were distributed throughout the region. Conclusion: maps described the oral health status of adolescents and can provide information for planning oral health.

Objetivo: Este estudo foi mapear a distribuição da doença periodontal nos adolescentes do Vale do Jequitinhonha. Métodos: Foram construídos mapas com variáveis do Índice Periodontal Comunitário (IPC). Os municípios foram selecionados com base no porte populacional e no desempenho do serviço de saúde bucal. O plano amostral foi composto por 450 indivíduos entre 15 e 19 anos, selecionados aleatoriamente, em número correspondente à proporção da população adolescente de cada município. Resultados: Dos 450 adolescentes examinados foram 16 (3,5%) de código 0 (Saudável), 232 (51,5%) do código 1 (sangramento), 38 (8,44%) de código 2 (Calculus) e 164 (36,44%) de código 6 (sangramento e cálculo). O padrão dos mapas foi do tipo mosaico e pode indicar que as piores condições periodontais dos adolescentes estavam distribuídas por toda a região. Conclusão: Mapas descreveram a condição de saúde bucal de adolescentes e pode fornecer subsídios para o planejamento em saúde bucal.

Objetivo: Este estudio fue determinar la distribución de la enfermedad periodontal en adolescentes del Valle de Jequitinhonha. Métodos: Se construyeron mapas con diferentes Índice Periodontal Comunitario (IPC). Las ciudades fueron seleccionadas en base al tamaño de la población y el desempeño de los servicios de salud oral. El plan de muestreo estuvo compuesto por 450 personas entre 15 y 19 años, seleccionados al azar en el número correspondiente a la proporción de la población adolescente en cada municipio. Resultados: De los 450 adolescentes examinados fueron 16 (3,5%) de código 0 (sano), 232 (51,5%) del código 1 (sangrado), 38 (8,44%) Código 2 (cálculo) y 164 (36,44%) de código 6 (sangrado y cálculo). El patrón de mapas mosaico era amable y puede indicar que las peores condiciones periodontales de los adolescentes se distribuyeron en toda la región. Conclusión: Los mapas describen el estado de salud bucal de los adolescentes y pueden proporcionar información para la planificación de la salud oral.

Relação entre condição gengival e fatores sociodemográficos de adolescentes residentes em uma região brasileira / The relationship between gingival condition and socio-demographic factors of adolescents living in a Brazilian region

O objetivo deste artigo é relacionar as condições gengival e socioeconômica e distribuição demográfica de adolescentes residentes em uma região desfavorecida brasileira. O estudo transversal foi realizado com amostra probabilística de 450 adolescentes (15-19 anos) em 13 municípios sorteados no Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG). A condição gengival foi avaliada por um examinador calibrado (Kappa ≥ 0,85) e baseado Índice Periodontal Comunitário (CPI). Foram calculadas as frequências para indivíduos e sextantes com posterior Análise de Correspondência Múltipla (Anacor) que explorou relações entre o CPI e as características sociodemográficas. Como resultados: 16 (3,6%) apresentaram-se sem alterações gengivais, 235 (52,2%) com sangramento, 36 (8,0%) com cálculo dental e 163 (36,2%) com sangramento e cálculo. A Anacor identificou dois grupos que guardavam semelhanças entre si em relação à doença periodontal. O grupo 1 reuniu os adolescentes com CPI sadio, 19 anos de idade, que trabalham e têm maior renda familiar. No grupo de CPI com sangramento, tem-se os adolescentes com 15 e 16 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, cursando o ensino fundamental, menor renda familiar e que se autodeclararam pardos ou negros. A gengivite foi relacionada às condições socioeconômicas e demográficas de adolescentes da região.

The scope of this study is to correlate the gingival condition and sociodemographic status of adolescents living in an economically disadvantaged Brazilian region. The survey was conducted with a random sample of 450 adolescents in 13 cities selected in the Jequitinhonha Valley (State of Minas Gerais). The gingival condition was evaluated using a calibrated examiner (Kappa ≥ 0.85). The oral exam was based on the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). The frequencies of individuals were calculated and sextants subsequently assessed using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (ANACOR) to reveal the relationship between CPI and sociodemographic characteristics. The results showed that: 16 (3.6%) were healthy; 235 (52.2%) had gingival bleeding; 36 (8%) had dental calculus and 163 (36.2%) had both bleeding and calculus. ANACOR identified two groups with similarities in relation to periodontal disease. Group one featured 19-year-olds with healthy CPI who work and have higher family income. Group two included 15- and 16-year-olds of both sexes with CPI and gingival bleeding in elementary school with lower family income, who declared themselves to be of mixed or Afro-descendant race. The presence of gingivitis was related to the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of adolescents in the region.

Individual and contextual determinants of malocclusion in 12-year-old schoolchildren in a Brazilian city

The aim of this study was to describe malocclusion prevalence and its association with individual and contextual factors among Brazilian 12-year-old schoolchildren. This cross-sectional study included data from an oral health survey carried out in Goiânia, Brazil (n = 2,075), and data from the files of the local health authority. The data were collected through oral clinical examinations. The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) was used to assess occlusion. The presence of malocclusion (DAI > 25) was used as the dependent variable. The individual independent variables consisted of adolescents’ sex and race and their mothers’ level of schooling. The clinical variables were caries experience and presence of adverse periodontal condition (calculus and/or gingival bleeding). The contextual variables included type of school and the location of schools in the city’s health districts. The Rao-Scott test and multilevel logistic regression were performed. The prevalence of malocclusion was 40.1%. In the final model, significantly higher rates of malocclusion were found among those who attended schools located in less affluent health districts and whose mothers had fewer years of education. Rates were also higher among those presenting calculus and/or gingival bleeding. Malocclusion demonstrated a high prevalence rate and the inequalities in its distribution were determined by individual and contextual factors.

Determinantes individuais e contextuais da carie em criancas brasileiras de 12 anos em 2010 / Determinantes individuales y contextuales de la caries en ninos brasilenos de 12 anos en 2010 / Individual and contextual determinants of dental caries in Brazilian 12-year-olds in 2010

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência e gravidade de cárie em crianças brasileiras e sua associação com fatores individuais e contextuais. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal (SBBrasil 2010), em uma amostra de 7.247 crianças de 12 anos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de exames clínicos e entrevistas. As variáveis dependentes foram as prevalências de cárie (dentes permanentes cariados, perdidos ou obturados [CPOD] ≥ 1 e CPOD ≥ 4). Foram realizadas análises bivariadas (teste de Rao-Scott) e multinível (regressão de Poisson). As variáveis individuais foram sociodemográficas, condição periodontal e relato de incômodo ao escovar os dentes. Os fatores contextuais foram a presença de água fluoretada, a porcentagem de domicílios ligados à rede de abastecimento de água e a renda mediana do município. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de CPOD ≥ 1 foi 56,0%. O CPOD médio foi igual a 2,04 (IC95% 1,76;2,31) e 22,2% das crianças tinham CPOD ≥ 4. A experiência de cárie foi significantemente mais elevada em crianças de cor de pele preta, parda e amarela; em famílias com renda mais baixa; em crianças com cálculo dentário ou sangramento gengival; e naquelas que relataram incômodo ao escovar. Viver em cidades sem água fluoretada, com menor cobertura da rede de abastecimento de água e com renda mediana baixa foram fatores contextuais associados à doença. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de cárie em crianças brasileiras de 12 anos foi baixa, de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Houve significantes desigualdades geográficas e socioeconômicas nos níveis da doença. .

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia y gravedad de la caries en niños brasileños y su asociación con factores individuales y contextuales. MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron los datos de la Investigación Nacional de Salud Bucal (SBBrasil2010), en una muestra de 7.247 niños de 12 años. Los datos fueron colectados por medio de exámenes clínicos y entrevistas. Las variables dependientes fueron las prevalencias de caries (dientes permanentes cariados, perdidos u obturados [CPOD] ≥1 y CPOD ≥4). Se realizaron análisis bivariados (prueba de Rao-Scott) y multinivel (regresión de Poisson). Las variables individuales fueron sociodemográficas, condición periodontal y relato de incomodidad al cepillarse los dientes. Los factores contextuales fueron la presencia de agua con flúor, el porcentaje de domicilios unidos a la red de abastecimiento de agua, y la renta mediana del municipio. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de CPOD≥1 fue 56,0%. El CPOD promedio fue igual a 2,04 (IC95% 1,76;2,31) y 22,2% de los niños tenían CPOD≥4. La experiencia de caries fue significativamente más elevada en niños de color de piel negra, parda y amarilla; en familias con renta más baja, en niños con cálculo dentario o sangramiento de las encías y en aquellas que relataron incomodidad al cepillarse. Vivir en ciudades sin agua con flúor, con menor cobertura de la red de abastecimiento de agua y con renta mediana baja fueron factores contextuales asociados a la enfermedad. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de caries en niños brasileños de 12 años fue baja, de acuerdo con los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Hubo desigualdades geográficas y socioeconómicas significativas en los niveles de la enfermedad. .

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and severity of dental caries in Brazilian children and the association with individual and contextual factors. METHODS: Data were taken from the Brazilian Oral Health Survey (SBBrasil 2010) a sample of 7,247 12-year-olds. The data were collected using clinical examinations and interviews. The dependent variables were the prevalence of dental caries (decayed, missing and filled teeth [DMFT] ≥ 1 and DMFT ≥ 4). Bivariate (Rao Scott test) and multivariate (Poisson regression) analyses were carried out. The individual variables were sociodemographic variables, periodontal health and reporting discomfort while brushing. Contextual factors were the presence of water fluoridation, the percentage of residences connected to the water supply and median income of the municipality. RESULTS: The prevalence of DMFT ≥ 1 was 56.0%. Mean DMFT was 2.04 (95%CI 1.76;2.31) and 22.2% of children had DMFT ≥ 4. Caries experience was significantly more common in children with black, brown or yellow skin; in low-income families; in children with dental calculus or bleeding gums and in those who reported discomfort while brushing. Living in towns with fluoridated tap water, with low coverage of water supply and with low median income were contextual factors associated with the disease. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dental caries in Brazilian 12-year-olds was low, according to World Health Organization criteria. There were significant geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in levels of the disease. .

Assessment of periodontal status among dental fluorosis subjects using community periodontal index of treatment needs.

Aim: To determine the periodontal status and treatment needs among dental fluorosis subjects residing in Ennore, Chennai, using Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Materials and Methods: All the subjects with dental fluorosis above 15 years of age, permanent residents of Ennore, were included in the study. Subjects with known systemic diseases and subjects with other intrinsic dental stains were excluded from the study. Periodontal status was estimated using CPITN and Dental fluorosis was recorded using Dean's Dental Fluorosis Index. Results: The total number of study subjects was 1075, of which 489 were males and 586 were females. Males were predominantly affected with periodontal disease than females. This was found to be statistically significant (P=0.000). The association between Degree of Fluorosis and Periodontal Status is statistically significant (P=0.000). There was statistically significant difference in mean number of sextants between the degree of fluorosis in each of the periodontal status (P=0.000). Conclusion: The finding that the lower prevalence of shallow pockets in the study area, where the fluoride level in the drinking water ranges from 1.83 to 2.01 ppm, indicates that the use of fluoride in water is beneficial to the periodontal tissues.

Morbilidad bucodental Colombiana / Colombian´s orodental morbility

Este es un artículo que compila los principales grandes estudios de morbilidad bucodental que se han realizado en Colombia y que le permiten a los odontólogos y especialistas informarse de cuales son las patologías que afectan las estructuras bucodentales y así planear, programar y desarrollar de la mejor manera posible sus actividades asistenciales, académicas y de educación continua. Además le permite orientar y organizar sus clínicas y consultorios de acuerdo con las necesidades de la población y de sus pacientes.

Dor nos dentes e gengivas e fatores associados em adolescentes brasileiros: análise do inquérito nacional de saúde bucal SB-Brasil 2002-2003 / Dental and gingival pain and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents: an analysis of the Brazilian Oral Health Survey 2002-2003

Estimou-se a prevalência de dor nos dentes e gengivas e fatores associados em adolescentes brasileiros de 15 a 19 anos de idade. Foram utilizadas informações de 16.126 adolescentes participantes do levantamento epidemiológico nacional de saúde bucal - SB Brasil 2002-2003. O desfecho foi o relato de dor nos dentes e gengivas nos últimos seis meses. As variáveis exploratórias foram: renda per capita, escolaridade, condição de estudo, sexo, cor da pele, idade, localização geográfica da residência, tipo de serviço odontológico utilizado pela última vez, tempo decorrido da última consulta odontológica, índice CPO-D e seus componentes, cálculo dentário e o índice de estética dental. Foram realizadas análises brutas e múltiplas utilizando a regressão de Poisson. A prevalência da dor de dentes e gengivas foi de 35,6 por cento (IC95 por cento: 34,8-36,4). A prevalência de dor foi maior nas meninas, naqueles pertencentes a famílias com baixa renda per capita, nos não estudantes e estudantes de escola pública e naqueles com baixa escolaridade para a idade. Indivíduos que apresentaram altos níveis de cárie e cálculo dentário também apresentaram maiores prevalências do desfecho. A dor nos dentes e gengivas em adolescentes pode ser considerada um problema relevante em saúde pública sugerindo a necessidade de ações preventivas e de promoção da saúde.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dental and gingival pain and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents (15-19 years of age). Data from 16,126 adolescents who participated in the Brazilian Oral Health Survey SB-Brazil 2002-2003 were used. The outcome measured was dental and gingival pain in the last six months. Independent variables were per capita income, schooling, school enrollment, gender, skin color, age, area of residence, time since last dental appointment, type of dental service, DMFT index and its components, dental calculus, and Dental Aesthetic Index. Simple and multiple Poisson regression analyses were performed. Prevalence of dental and gingival pain was 35.6 percent (95 percentCI: 34.8-36.4). Increased prevalence of pain was associated with: female gender, low income, non-students, students enrolled in public schools, and grade-for-age lag. In addition, adolescents with high levels of dental caries and dental calculus also reported higher prevalence of dental pain. Dental and gingival pain can be considered a relevant public health problem, suggesting the need for preventive measures.

Oral health in Brazilian patients with chronic renal disease / Salud oral en pacientes brasileños con insuficiencia renal crónica

Background: Poor oral health status mayhave an impact on the health status of patients with chronic renal failure. Aim: To describe the oral health status of a group of Brazilian patients with chronic renal failure. Material and methods: Retrospective review of the medical records of patients with chronic renal failure, ofwhom 13 (4.5 percent) werein apre dialysis stage, 158 (55 percent) were on hemodialysis, 23 (8.4 percent) were on peritoneal dialysis and 92 (32.1 percent) were transplanted. General oral health, presence of dental calculus, and halitosis were recorded. The number of decayed, missed and filled teeth was analyzed by means of DMF-T (Decayed, Missed and Filled Teeth) índex. Resulte: The sample was composed of 152 men (53 percent) and 134 women (47 percent), aged 42±13 years. Oral health status was considered defective in most patients (83 percent). Eighty-seven percent had dental calculus and 55 percent had halitosis. Transplant patients reponed significantly less halitosis (40.2 percent) than the rest of the groups. The DMF-T for the whole population was 20.6 and had a positive correlation with age. Conclusions: This group of patients with chronic renal failure presented a poor oral health status. Dental treatment programs for these patients should be implemented to avoid the exposure to dental pathogens.

Introducción: Las alteraciones de la cavidad oral pueden tener impacto en la salud de pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica. Objetivo: Describir la salud oral de pacientes brasileños con insuficiencia renal crónica. Material y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de las fichas dentales de pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica, de los cuales 13 (4,5 por ciento) estaban en etapa prediálisis, 158 (55 por ciento) estaban en hemodiálisis, 23 (8,4 por ciento) estaban en peritoneodiálisis y 92 (32,1 por ciento) habían sido trasplantados. Se registró la salud oral general, la presencia de tártaro y halitosis. El número de piezas faltantes y obturadas fue analizado utilizando el índice DMF-T (Decayed, Missed and Filled Teeth o dientes con cañes, faltantes y obturados). Resultados: La muestra estaba constituida por 152 hombres y 134 mujeres con una edad promedio de 42±13 años. La salud dental general era deficitaria en 83 por ciento y 87 por ciento tenía tártaro. El 55 por ciento tenía halitosis y ¡os pacientes trasplantados tenían este problema con una frecuencia significativamente menor que el resto de ¡os grupos. El índice DMF-T global fue 20,6 y tuvo una correlación positiva con la edad. Conclusiones: La salud oral de estos pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica es mala. Es importante implementar programas de tratamiento dental para estos pacientes para evitarla exposición a patógenos que pueden causar complicaciones sistémicas.

Periodontal treatment needs in Argentine adult subjects

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la necesidad de tratamiento periodontal de pacientes adultos de la República Argentina. Se evaluaron 3694 pacientes (2000 mujeres y 1494 hombres con edad entre 18 y 84 años) que concurrieron espontaneamente al odontólogo general. Se utilizó el Indice Periodontal Comunitario (IPC) examinando todos los dientes presentes. Según la lesión más severa por paciente: un 14,3 por ciento presentaban por lo menos un sextante con bolsas de 5.5 mm o más (valor 4), un 26.4 por ciento por lo menos un sextante con bolsas entre 3,5 y 5,5mm (valor 3), un 38,3 por ciento bolsas menores a 3.5 mm con cßlculos (valor 2), un 17,2 por ciento sangrado al sondaje sin cálculos (valor 1) y un 3,2 por ciento salud (valor 0). Al analizar los datos según la edad, el porcentaje de pacientes con por lo menos un sextante con valor 4 fue mayor en el grupo de más de 45 años (25.1 por ciento) comparado con los otros grupos: 34 o 44 años (14,3 por ciento), 18-34 años (6,4 por ciento). Un 16 por ciento de los pacientes demandaron atención por problemas periodontales mientras que un 88 por ciento por otros motivos, sin embargo un 77 por ciento de ellos necesitaba tratamiento periodontal. Estos resultados nos permiten establecer que un 96,8 por ciento de los pacientes que concurrieron al odontólogo necesitaron algun tratamiento periodontal: 17,2 por ciento instrucción en higiene bucal, 65,2 por ciento instrucción en higiene bucaly raspaje y 14,3 por ciento atención de mayor complejidad.

Relación entre valores inmunológicos, índices bucales e inserción social del paciente VIH-SIDA / Relationship among immunological values, oral indices and social integration of the HIV-AIDS patient

El objetivo del presente estudio es establecer la posible relación entre los valores inmunológicos CD4, carga viral y los índices CPOS-ceo e IHOS condicionada por los grupos sociales a los cuales pretenecen los sujetos examinados. El estudio presenta los resultados obtenidos de 25 pacientes con edades entre 5 y 50 años, de ambos sexos, asistentes al Servicio de Atención a Pacientes con Enfermedades Infectocontagiosas Elsa La Corte de la Facultad de Odontología UCV. Los resultados obtenidos indican que estos pacientes pertenecen al grupos social 4, según la clasificación de Breilh, conformado por desempleados y subempleados con condiciones de vida muy deterioradas. El 36 por ciento de los pacientes examinados manifiestan el síndrome de SIDA con un contaje CD4 <200, una carga viral con rangos entre 5000-100.000 copias y un índice CPOS e IHOS de 39,6 y 2 respectivamente. No se encontraron diferencias significativas y que permitan establecer la relación entre los valores de CD4, carga viral y los indicadores bucales. El índice CPOS-veo promedio fue de 32 superficies afectadas y un IHOS promedio de 2/3 de la superficie ocupada por material alba y cálculo supragingival. Los resultados nos permiten concluir que a pesar de que no se pudo encontrar diferencias significativas al comparar los resultados, llama la atención la presncia de 10 superficies afectadas por caries en aquellos pacientes son el síndrome, lo que los convierte en un grupo más vulnerable al ataqye de la caries dental

Dental caries and oral hygiene status of school children in Davangere related to their socio-economic levels: an epidemiological study.

Dental caries and periodontal disease, the most commonly seen disease show striking geographic variation, socio-economic patterns and severity of distribution all over the world. Hence, an attempt has been made to determine the relationship of oral health status with socio-economic status in Davangere town. A total of 2007 children of 13 to 14 years age belonging to both sexes were examined. Type III examination was carried out during the survey. DMFcaries Index and Oral Hygiene Index was used to assess caries experience and oral hygiene status. Prasad's classification was used to know the social classification of the children. It was concluded that dental caries experience and oral hygiene status of children are strongly correlated to socio-economic status.

Prevalence of periodontal disease in endemically flourosed areas of Davangere Taluk, India.

Success of fluoride in combating dental caries led to study of fluoride on periodontal disease, but studies are less reported in literature and results are varied in nature. To address this issue, the study was conducted to assess severity of periodontal disease among (n = 283) 36-45 years old adults residing in area of different concentration of fluoride in drinking water. The villages selected were having fluoride concentration in their drinking water are Shamnur (0.5 PPMF), Kundawada (1.1 ppmF) and Halebathi (3.17 ppm). Ion Selective Electrode Method (OrionUSA) estimated fluoride in drinking water. Community Periodontal Index (WHO, 1997) and Plaque Index (Silness and Loe, 1967) was used to assess periodontal status. There was consistent decrease in mean plaque score from 1.45+ _0.024 at 0.51 ppm, 1.21+ _0.009 at 1.1 ppm, and 1.12+ _0.08 at 3.17 ppm fluoride area. This difference was significant statistically (P < 0.001). As the fluoride concentration in drinking water increased there was decrease in severity of prevalence of periodontitis. This difference in observation was significant statistically (P < 0.05). There were no effects of fluoride on calculus, since little variability was found in three different fluoride areas. Thus it was concluded from the study results that the increase in fluoride concentration decreased the plaque accumulation. decreased the shallow and deep pockets. Hence lower prevalence and severity of periodontal disease.

Dental caries and oral hygiene status of 13-14 year old school children of Davangere.

2,007 children from 11 schools, selected through stratified random sampling were examined for dental caries and oral hygiene status. The Mean DMFT was found to be 2.85 and 3.40, mean DMFS 3.76 and 4.56 in 13 and 14 year olds, respectively. Females recorded higher mean values of DMFT (3.37) than males (2.94). There was no significant difference in the mean values of OHI (S). The overall prevalence of dental caries was found to be higher among 14-year-old children compared to 13 year children.

Changes in periodontal conditions of children and adolescents from Araraquara, Brazil: 1995-1998

The aim of this study was to compare the periodontal conditions in 7-15-year-olds from Araraquara, SP, Brazil in 1998 with data from 1995. A systematic random sample was drawn from the population of children and adolescents enrolled in all public schools in 1998. The survey was conducted by trained examiners using the CPITN and WHO diagnostic criteria. Results showed an increase in the percentage of students of all ages with healthy periodontal conditions (from 14 percent in 1995 to 33 percent in 1998; p<0.01). An increase in the mean number of healthy sextants (from 3.2 to 4.4; p<0.0001), a decrease in the mean number of bleeding sextants (from 2.5 to 1.2; p<0.0001) and no difference in the mean number of sextants with calculus were also observed. At the age of 15, 54 percent of the students had 5-6 healthy sextants in 1998 compared to 19 percent in 1995 (p<0.01). Despite the improvement observed in the periodontal conditions, efforts must be increased in order to achieve the WHO goal for the year 2010 of no more than one sextant affected by bleeding or calculus at the age of 15.

Condiçöes gengivais e periodontais associadas a fatores socioeconômicos / Gingival and periodontal conditions associated with socioeconomic factors

OBJETIVO: Conhecer a prevalência de sangramento gengival, cálculo dentário e de bolsas periodontais, em jovens de 18 anos do sexo masculino, verificando as associações com variáveis socioeconômicas. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal em uma amostra de jovens de 18 anos de idade (n=300), alistandos do Exército Brasileiro em Florianópolis, SC. Foram aplicadas entrevistas estruturadas com questões sobre o número de anos de escolaridade do alistando e de seus pais e sobre a renda familiar. Um cirurgião-dentista realizou os exames odontológicos para a detecção de sangramento gengival, presença de cálculo dentário, bolsas periodontais rasas (entre 3,5 mm a 5,5 mm) e profundas (5,5 mm e mais). Verificaram-se as associações entre as condições periodontais e as variáveis socioeconômicas pelo teste qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: A taxa de resposta foi de 100,0 por cento, entretanto, 4,7 por cento dos indivíduos foram excluídos do estudo devido à impossibilidade de exame. A concordância diagnóstica intra-examinador foi alta (kappa=0,73). As prevalências de sangramento gengival, cálculo dentário, bolsas rasas e profundas foram de 86 por cento, 50,7 por cento, 7,7 por cento e 0,3 por cento, respectivamente. O sangramento gengival foi negativamente associado a todas as variáveis socioeconômicas estudadas (p<0,001). O cálculo dentário associou-se negativamente à menor escolaridade do pai do alistando e do alistando (p<0,05) e com menor escolaridade da mãe do alistando (p<0,01). Bolsas periodontais associaram-se à menor escolaridade do pai do alistando (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Bolsas periodontais foram raramente observadas na amostra estudada, enquanto a presença de sangramento e cálculo dentário apresentou altas prevalências, sendo estas maiores nos indivíduos com piores condições socioeconômicas. A condição de saúde periodontal da população estudada pode ser considerada boa

Estudio epidemiológico de las enfermedades periodontales en pacientes que acuden a la facultad de estomatología de la UASLP / Epidemiological study of periodontal diseases in the patients who attend the clinics of the college of Dentistry of the UASLP

Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico para conocer el índice de enfermedad periodontal en los pacientes que acuden a las clinicas de la Facultad de Estomatologia de la UASLP. Se selecciono un grupo de 361 pacientesÑ 126 hombres entre 11 y 77 años con una media de 29.5 años, y 235 mujeres con edades de 12 a 76 años con una media de 33.1. Se les aplicó el índice periodontal de Ramfjord )IEP=, utilizando como datos complementarios placa bacteriana y sarro. De los resultados obtenidos destacan los siguientes datos: Sólo cuatro pacientes del total de los 361 de la muestra )uno del sexo masculino y tres del sexo femenino= presentaron un índice periodontal de =. En el grupo de pacientes de 10 a 19 años, se observó una alta frecuencia de gingivitis )IEP de 2, por lo que se pone en evidencia que la gingitis de leve a moderada tiene una alta incidencia en estos grupos de edades. Los pacientes de 30 a 39 años mostraron un IEP de 3, lo que se interpreta como gingivitis severa, deduciendo que a esta edad, se llega al límite de la transición entre la gingivitis y la periodontitis. En la etapa de los 40 a 49 años de edad se observó marcadamente la presencia de periodontitis leve, conforme avanza la edad. En los pacientes de los grupos de edades entre 50-59, 60-69 y 70-79 años fue más común observar un IEP de entre 4 a 6, lo que de acuerdo al índice periodontal de Ramfjord, corresponde a formas de moderadas a avanzadas de periodontitis. Consideramos que el valor del presente trabajo radica en que nos ha puesto en evidencia que la enfermedad periodontal es un verdadero problema de salud pública , tal vez con una magnitud mayor que la caries, la cual se ha tenido como la expresión clásica de la patología bucal de más alta frecuencia

Enfermedad periodontal: prevalencia y algunos factores asociados en escolares de una región mexicana / Periodontal disease: prevalence and some associated factors in schoolchildren from a Mexican area

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de enfermedad periodontal en una muestra representativa de escolares del estado de Yucatán como algunos factores se asocian con dicha enfermedad. Se utilizó una muestra probabilística de 2,140 sujetos con un rango de edad entre 6-14 años, seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio simple entre los alumnos de escuelas primarias del estado. Se midió la higiene oral mediante el Indice de Higiene Oral Simplificado de Green y Vermillon y la severidad de la enfermedad mediante el Indice Periodontal de Russell. Los examinadores se calibraron con una prueba Kappa. Se encontró una prevalencia de enfermedad periodontal de 61.01 por ciento en la muestra. Se presentaron 3 modelos matemáticos: Residuos blandos =2.0331 - 0.981934 (altura) + 0.0502228(edad) + 0.273638 (municipio)- 0.00592202 (peso) que explica un 8.55 por ciento el comportamiento de la variable en el modelo. Cálculo = 0.146486 - 0.448604(altura)+ 0.0672834 (edad) - 0.0532896 (municipio)'0.00358589 (peso) que explica un 6.98 por ciento el comportamiento de la variable en el modelo, Rusell = 0.370337 + 0.0509393 (edad)-0.00726225 (peso) + 0.220032 (municipio) que explica en un 13.25 por ciento el comportamiento de la variable en este modelo

Prevalence of dental disease amongst 5-6 and 12-13 year old school children of Puttur municipality, Karnataka State-India.

A survey was conducted among 5-6 and 12-13 years old school children of Puttur municipality, Karnataka State, India, to assess the prevalence of dental caries, malocclusion and dental calculus. A sample size of 200 subjects was taken for each age group and cluster-sampling method was used to select those schools which were to be included in the sample frame. Data collection was done using the Basic Oral Health Survey (WHO) form. The deciduous dentition alone was considered for 5-6 year old subjects while the permanent dentition alone was considered for those aged 12-13 years. A total of 427 subjects from 7 schools were studied. Results indicated that 81.25% of 5-6 year old subjects had dental caries (mean dmft = 4.86 +/- 4.16 S.D.) as compared to 59.6% of 12-13 year old (mean DMFT = 1.87 +/- 2.01 S.D.). The prevalence of malocclusion was 1.79% and 36.95% among those aged 5-6 year and 12-13 year, respectively. None of the 5-6 years old subjects had calculus on their teeth while 47.78% of 12-13 year old subjects exhibited the presence of dental calculus. Overall the prevalence of dental caries was found to be significantly higher among 5-6 year old subjects compared to 12-13 year old subjects. The prevalence of malocclusion and dental calculus was significantly higher among 12-13 year old subjects compared to 5-6 year old subjects.

Evaluación del índice periodontal. Tratamiento de la comunidad / Evaluation of periodontal index. Community treatment

El objetivo de este estudio fue hacer un análisis de los resultados obtenidos a través de la evaluación del Indice Periodontal de Necesidades de Tratamiento de la Comunidad (IPNTC) en ciento cincuenta pacientes, concurrentes al servicios de urgencias del Hospital Central de Odontología de la Ciudad de Resistencia. Si bien este índice es comunmente utilizado en los países en vía de desarrollo, presenta varias limitaciones clínicas, los datos obtenidos son de una significación cuestionable y con detalles inadecuados. Esto indica que no tendría que ser usado como índice rutinario en estudios periodontales